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The classification of human language originally proposed by Jakobson for the only human language can be usefully adapted to the languages \u200b\u200bof non-human animals.

Jakobson identifies six main functions for the language. Each function is centered on one element of each speech event.

now discuss in general the various functions.

1. the expressive function , is one in which the most important aspect of the message is the manifestation of the emotions of the issuer. E 'such that when a vervet likely indicates the presence of his companions is not only a predator, "describing" in the abstract and neutral to the outside world, but instead takes part in a strong and involving. This means that any use of language always involves some emotional involvement of the sender.
2. the phatic function is in place when the exchange of signals used to maintain group cohesion. In this type of interactions are not exchanged information about the environment, but no signs of aggression, of openness to other group members.
3. The metalinguistic function signals are exchanged for other signals, such as in the game, in which the signals that precede the interaction metalinguistic play real alert the recipient that the subsequent signs of aggression should not be taken seriously.
4. The conative function is one in which language is used to force the recipient of a type of behavior, and the signals of aggression, are specifically intended to modify the behavior of the recipient without engaging in actual combat.
5. the referential function SENSE OR , is one in which language is used to communicate with regard to objects or events in the outside world, as when bees inform the bees of the hive's location and distance of some flowers from the hive.
6. the aesthetic function, finally, is where is especially true for himself and not for what referential communication: some of courtship songs of some birds do not seem to have a precise value of information, but be for just a sort of chant, in which what it's worth - as, indeed, happens for our songs - and especially the melody and not just the content (especially in this function has the meaning of the signal, not its meaning.)

cognitive function, essential function of language, Jakobson does not include in his model. In fact, the proposal appears to be based on Jakobson engineering model of communication, which leaves little room for the cognitive dimension, and especially that models the transmission of signals between machines, not just because these are problems of interpretation .

Cimatti F. (1998) Mind and language in animals - Carrocci

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The logic function of the ants

When it comes to bees, we are surprised that world so complex and so generous to us men, but when we see an ant, we consider it just an annoying insect, coming into our house, irritates us. But if we get a little 'of this insect and the curiosity to look into his life we \u200b\u200bare surprised by his wonderful intelligence, the talent that shows how to manage his perfect world that obvious and hidden. Let us know. Types of ants there are hundreds all with some feature brilliant and bizarre, but always helpful. A feature they have in common is the ability to live together with remarkable cohesion and functionality of work. They are cities above and below ground with an enviable talent, cultivated land and underground store crops, insect predators take of sugars and milk the goats. All the best to live the community beginning with the Queen and small larvae. It also put terrible war prey on ants and recognize only the weakest members of their communities, other ants are considered enemies and killed. Each ant has a smell that helps individuals to recognize even far from their home and among others of different species of ant whose other formiche.Qualsiasi exponent, although the same species may be killed if it enters into its colonies. It has a different smell! This is a very specific need and the worker ants, which leave the nest to search for things to their usefulness, to recognize and even tried passing some of the spoils. The ants also speak to each other, through the movements of the antennae. With this, we also feel the smells. From their jaws instead secrete formic acid, and that 'a poison with which they fight and kill enemies. The mandibles are also their strength, because those lead to much higher than them, even 4-5 times higher. If we compare the ant colonies with hives of bees, we realize that they have a way of life very similar, and also in the tribe of ants, what is most important is the queen, for the simple fact that lays eggs and is still the life of that particular tribe of insects. But, as in 'hive there is only one queen who lives three to five years by laying 1000 eggs a day, and wants all the' hive itself, there may be more in ant queens who do according to the needs of the various courts and lay anthill hundreds of eggs in very specific places because their underground cities, are immense, just think that they have experimented with smoke blown in one of the openings of an anthill, and this smoke came out from openings 70 meters away from that point. Each ant queens do not have a monotonous life, though spoiled by tutti.Iniziano with males with the nuptial flight, which fly together in one hot day, then return to the nest, tear their wings and begin laying eggs . Younger males will not return to the nest, now no longer needed and will die the same day . The ant nest we can not call because it is very large, when prompted by the vastness of the different tribes that inhabit it, and comes with everything that can serve each individual community. It is a real underground city with housing, stores, greenhouse cultivation and stars, profit from the corridors at times completely covered with bricks that ants highly resistant blend in with their saliva and earth. The city of ants are also developed on 30-40 floors below ground. In the various rooms, the workers collect the eggs ladled out by the queen and divided according to the deposition time. These are closed after 15 days and the ants feed the cow with a special milk and transport them to various places more or less warm or dry to grow them better. After this time, the larvae and cocooned inside these shells turn into pupae, which will soon become perfect insects with their specific task, as if the command of their DNA would make her born already educated. In ant there are bedrooms in which the workers rearing aphids, those lice that suck the sap from the leaves, turning it into liquid sugar much sought after by ants. Sometimes, looking at fruit trees, we see the ant colonies up and down along the trunk with bits of leaves, and return to the nest. Crush them with their jaws to make a base of cultivated mushrooms, they will use during the winter. In other bedroom well ventilated and dry, the ants stow grains of wheat, but before taking them off the sprouts so they will not be born. During 's winter crush the seeds to make real loaves. Unlike the bees, the life of ants continues during the winter when not seen, though more slowed. There are some ants that slaves are treated as actual containers for honey. They are stuffed with honey so that their belly becomes inflated so as not to allow them to walk, still hanging in their bedroom so that the workers are waiting to apply for produced to feed the queen and the larvae or to bring another to make him swallow. We are fighting the ants, which nest in every tribe of the platoons form of defense of the Queen and the city, and these are almost always a big head and strong jaws. Some of these ants have a habit of abducting the larvae of other ant then to use them as slaves. These are the ants that Amazon does not work, just fight, and they serve and entertain. Adapted from http://www.teleparconord.it/lavoriscuole/insetticosta/disegno.htm On this link you can get more information about ants and more! Happy reading!

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Refenziale: Warning signals in vervets

Vervets nell'Amboseli National Parck living in Kenya are small monkeys with many natural predators (leopard, eagle and python, etc.).. These predators take very different strategy for the assault. In this context, highly selective, it quickly becomes clear one of the essential functions - from a biological point of view-of a language, that of means by which members of a community will keep each other informed about events and objects, inanimate-food - and animated, prey and predators in the environment. Because of their small long-tailed monkeys have little opportunity to respond to these threats, if not escape. However generally not enough to escape, to escape the specific attacks of each of these predators. For each risk have an appropriate strategy of response, but these strategies alone are insufficient, because an animal that did not realize the danger, would not have time to escape. So the answer would be a good strategy can not only be independent but must be social need that even if a person is temporarily absent is any other that I can warn of impending danger. Some functions of language perform precisely these tasks: information about what is happening in the environment - referential function - and push to adopt certain behaviors, conative function. To this end, vervets have a reporting system with three distinct tones each on a specific class of predators, terrestrial, those planes, and snakes. In fact, these three signals are not related to each individual animal: one for Leopard, for example, is also used for the hyena and jackal. This means that these signals have two important characteristics of semiotics: the conventionality and arbitrariness . conventional ' means there is no physical similarity between the sound characteristics of the warning signal and its referent: for example, the signal for the eagle not to imitate. ARBITRARY ', it means that the meaning associated with that signal is the result of a classification: in that sense part of a series of dangerous animals that share-in terms of vervet - the feature to move on the ground legs. This class corresponds to a zoological class - the leopard is a cat, jackal a canidate - but to a functional class. A class that is not constituted in accordance with the objectives dictated directly from the outside, but from the internal needs of the animal that builds .

Bibliography: Cimatti F. (1998) Mind and Language in animals-Carrocci

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interpretations

DEDUCTION: "That depends on our ability to analyze the meaning of signs in or through which we"

• Rule-Case-Result

INDUCTION , "which depends on the confidence we have that the course of a type of experience will not be changed and will not end without an indication of its previous cease"

• Case-Result-Rule

ABDUCTION : "that depends on our hope to guess, sooner or later, the conditions under which a given type phenomenon is present"

• -Result-Rule Case

Charles Sanders Peirce

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SCINPANZE 'vs. MEN similarities and differences

SIMILARITIES WITH THE MAN

The chimpanzee differs from ' man only just over 1% in the composition of DNA and there are also significant similarities in the composition of the blood and immune responses. In fact, from a biological standpoint, the chimpanzees are more similar to humans than to gorillas. E 'proposal was made to include chimpanzees in the same kind of men according to the similarities, calling them Homo Troglodytes. IntelligenzaL'anatomia of the brain and central nervous system of chimpanzees is remarkably similar to ours. Consequently, there should be no surprise that chimpanzees (along with gorillas and bonobos) are capable of intellectual activities that were once used only of uomini.In nature they must always make decisions, like choosing to join a group rather than another, to be peaceful or aggressive. They use different tools for many different functions, just as we humans do. They also show a principle of conduct for the "making of primitive tools." ComunicazioneAgli chimpanzees living in captivity can be taught American sign language, learning more than 300. They can also demonstrate skill in computing, as well as having shown capacity for reasoning, abstraction, generalization, symbolic representation of emotions and have self-awareness. Though difficult to quantify the emotions, all those who worked with chimpanzees, ensure that they are able to feel and express feelings of despair, joy, pain, fear and sadness, in addition to understanding the mental and physical pain. There are also strong similarities between the non-verbal language of humans and chimpanzees-kissing, hugging, touching hands, tickling, throw stones, use sticks, shaking hands. In humans and chimpanzees, these gestures appear in the same context, and then they want to communicate the same concept. InfanziaGli chimpanzees, like humans, have a long period of childhood, which is 5 years, during which they sleep and take the milk in the womb. With the birth of a new small, the most adult is emotionally dependent on the mother and continues to move with her for the next 3 or 4 years. This close relationship between the mother and newborn, as well as between the brothers, may continue for a lifetime. Childhood is an important time for them than for men. The young chimps have a lot to learn. Thanks to the interest with which the observed behavior of others, the ability to imitate, and practice of observed actions, some behaviors are passed down from generation to generation. When a mother dies, the baby may not survive. Begins to show signs of depression and gambling behavior and decrease the food. The older brothers, even males, often adopt those children orphaned. The young are occasionally taken by non-relatives, showing great selflessness. Structure biologicaGli chimpanzees are so like us you can take it or be infected with all known human infectious diseases (excluding perhaps cholera). This explains why they are used for scientific research. Gradually, researchers have begun to admit that the similarities in behavior, intellect and emotions in the activity are equally amazing. This is leading to an improvement in conditions of captivity in some laboratories, although we hope that soon may no longer be used. SignificativeIl our differences study on chimpanzee also aims to identify differences with the man. The most important of these is the lack on their part of a spoken language. Men can teach their children these things or events, make plans for the future, discuss an idea so that it becomes the result of the wisdom of a group. The fact that chimps can learn sign language by men or calculation, does not minimize this difference. It 'was the language to mean that our species to become so dependent on culturally transmitted behavior. Diminishes our understanding of the most gifted chimpanzees. Of course there are also many physical differences. One, as already mentioned, is in the structure of the vocal tract. Chimpanzees have not developed the erect posture of man. The Anatomy of the feet and hands is very different. Female chimpanzees and bonobos (but not female gorillas and orangutans), show swelling during the subsequent inspiration.

SIMILARITIES WITH THE MAN The chimpanzee differs from 'man only slightly more than 1% in the composition of DNA and there are also significant similarities in the composition of the blood and immune responses. In fact, from a biological standpoint, the chimpanzees are more similar to humans than to gorillas. E 'was made the proposal to include chimpanzees in the same kind of men according to the similarities, calling them Homo Troglodytes. IntelligenzaL'anatomia of the brain and central nervous system of chimpanzees is remarkably similar to ours. Consequently, there should be no surprise that chimpanzees (along with gorillas and bonobos) are capable of intellectual activities that were once used only of uomini.In nature, they always have to make decisions, like choosing to join a group rather than another, to be peaceful or aggressive. They use different tools for many different functions, just as we humans do. They also show a principle of conduct for the "production primitive tools. " ComunicazioneAgli chimpanzees living in captivity can be taught American sign language, learning more than 300. They can also demonstrate skill in computing, as well as having shown capacity for reasoning, abstraction, generalization, symbolic representation of emotions and have self-awareness. Though difficult to quantify the emotions, all those who worked with chimpanzees, they ensure that they are able to experiment and express feelings of despair, joy, pain, fear and sadness, in addition to understanding the mental and physical pain. There are also strong similarities between the non-verbal language of humans and chimpanzees -Kissing, hugging, touching hands, tickling, throw stones, use sticks, shaking hands. In humans and chimpanzees, these gestures appear in the same context, and then they want to communicate the same concept. InfanziaGli chimpanzees, like humans, have a long period of childhood, which is 5 years, during which they sleep and take the milk in the womb. With the birth of a new small, the adult remains more emotionally dependent on the mother and continues to move with her for the next 3 or 4 years. This close relationship between the mother and newborn, as well as between the brothers, may continue for a lifetime. Childhood is an important time for them than for men. Small chimpanzees have a lot to learn. Thanks to the interest with which the observed behavior of others, the ability to imitate, and practice of observed actions, some behaviors are passed down from generation to generation. When a mother dies, the baby may not survive. Begins to show signs of depression and gambling behavior and decrease the food. The older brothers, even the male ones often adopt orphaned children. The young are occasionally taken by non-relatives, showing great selflessness. Structure biologicaGli chimpanzees are so like us you can take it or be infected with all known human infectious diseases (excluding perhaps cholera). This explains why they are used for scientific research. Gradually, researchers have begun to admit that the similarities in behavior, intellect and emotions in the activity are equally amazing. This is leading to an improvement in conditions of captivity in some laboratories, although we hope that soon may no longer be used. Differences significativeIl our study on chimpanzees also aims to identify differences with the man. The most important of these is the lack on their part of a spoken language. Men can teach their children these things or events, make plans for the future, discuss an idea so that it becomes the result of the wisdom of a group. The fact that chimps can learn sign language by men or calculation, does not minimize this difference. It 'was the language to mean that our species to become so dependent on culturally transmitted behavior. Diminishes our understanding of the most gifted chimpanzees. Of course there are also many physical differences. One, as already mentioned, the structure of the vocal tract. Chimpanzees have not developed the erect posture of man. The Anatomy of the feet and hands is very different. Female chimpanzees and bonobos (but not female gorillas and orangutans), show swelling in the period subsequent of estrus.

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vs Deduction. ABDUCTION: HUMAN - ANIMAL

From studies carried out zoosemiotics seems that humans and animals share similar functions, that is characterized primarily by a mind more or less developed, can be used with similar procedures to the external environment.

• In my reflection I think it's kind to be registered in a gene and not the laws of adaptation-survival, which are then drawn out through the efforts of insight (pure and simple abductive processes).

1. DEDUCTION (laws written in the individual)
2. switch to RISK (single act of adaptation)
3. assumptions
4. returns to deduct (adaptation and survival of the species)

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